ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective Recurrent miscarriage has been linked to hormonal disturbance due to dysregulation of its receptors rather than to the availability of the hormone. We aimed to investigate endometrial expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors in relation to serum and endometrial hormonal levels in unexplained recurrent miscarriage. Methods The present case control study included 20 cases with unexplained recurrent miscarriage and 20 parous women as controls. Ovulation was confirmed using an ovulation kit and 10 to 12 days after detecting the urinary luteinizing hormone surge, all women were subjected to a blood sample and to an endometrial biopsy. Progesterone and estrogen levels were measured in serum and in endometrial tissue and receptor concentrations were in the endometrial sample. Results Women with recurrent miscarriage showed significantly lower concentration of receptors in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of endometrial tissue compared with controls. The nuclear/cytoplasm ratio of progesterone receptor was significantly higher in cases compared with controls, implicating that recurrent miscarriage is probably linked to nongenomic activity of the hormone; this was also significant for estrogen receptor. Serum progesterone and estrogen hormonal levels were comparable between groups while both hormones were significantly reduced in the endometrium of recurrent miscarriage cases. Receptors significantly correlated with endometrial hormonal level but not to serum level. Conclusion Recurrent miscarriage might be linked to reduced endometrial progesterone and estrogen receptors and appears to be more related to nongenomic activity of progesterone. Endometrial receptors expression correlates to tissue hormonal level rather than to serum hormonal level.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Progesterone , Receptors, Estrogen , Abortion, Spontaneous , Abortion, HabitualABSTRACT
Abstract Objective Currently, uteroplacental vascular disorders are considered one of the main mechanisms of spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD). Low-dose aspirin is used to prevent pre-eclampsia, which has a similar mechanism; hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of low-dose aspirin on the prevention of PTD in women with a history of spontaneous PTD. Methods The present pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted on 54 pregnant women in the aspirin group (taking 80 mg daily until the 36th week and classic treatment) and 53 patients in the control group (only receiving classic treatment). Results Forty-three patients (40%) presented before 37 weeks due to symptoms of PTL. Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) occurred in 28 patients (26%), and there was no significant difference between the aspirin and control groups (10 patients [19%] and 18 patients [34%], respectively; p = 0.069). The time of preterm delivery was early (< 34 weeks) in 6 patients (21%), and its cause was spontaneous labor in 23 patients (82%) which was not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). Out of 40 patients with spontaneous labor, 25 patients (63%) had a PTD, which was significantly lower in the aspirin group than in the control group (9 patients [45%] versus 16 patients [80%], respectively; p = 0.022). Conclusion The findings of the present study demonstrated that despite the reduction in the incidence of PTD using low-dose aspirin, the reduction rate was not statistically significant. On the other hand, in patients with spontaneous labor prone to PTD, aspirin was effective in reducing the incidence of PTD.
Resumo Objetivo Atualmente, os distúrbios vasculares uteroplacentários são considerados um dos principais mecanismos de parto prematuro espontâneo (PTD). A aspirina em baixa dose é usada para prevenir a pré-eclâmpsia, que tem um mecanismo semelhante; portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da aspirina em baixa dosagem na prevenção de PTD em mulheres com história de PTD espontâneo. Métodos O presente ensaio clínico piloto randomizado foi realizado em 54 gestantes do grupo aspirina (tomando 80 mg diários até a 36ª semana e tratamento clássico) e 53 pacientes do grupo controle (somente tratamento clássico). Resultados Quarenta e três pacientes (40%) apresentaram-se antes de 37 semanas devido a sintomas de PTL. O parto prematuro (< 37 semanas) ocorreu em 28 pacientes (26%) e não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos aspirina e controle (10 pacientes [19%] e 18 pacientes [34%], respectivamente; p = 0,069). O tempo de parto prematuro foi precoce (< 34 semanas) em 6 pacientes (21%) e sua causa foi trabalho de parto espontâneo em 23 pacientes (82%) que não foi significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos (p > 0,05). Das 40 pacientes com trabalho de parto espontâneo, 25 pacientes (63%) tiveram PTD, que foi significativamente menor no grupo aspirina do que no grupo controle (9 pacientes [45%] versus 16 pacientes [80%], respectivamente; p = 0,022). Conclusão Os achados do presente estudo demonstraram que, apesar da redução na incidência de DPT com o uso de aspirina em baixa dosagem, a taxa de redução não foi estatisticamente significativa. Por outro lado, em pacientes com trabalho de parto espontâneo propensas a PTD, a aspirina foi eficaz na redução da incidência de PTD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture , Abortion, Spontaneous , Aspirin/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Este artigo analisou a percepção e os sentimentos de casais sobre o atendimento recebido nos serviços de saúde acessados em função de perda gestacional (óbito fetal ante e intraparto). O convite para a pesquisa foi divulgado em mídias sociais (Instagram e Facebook). Dos 66 casais que contataram a equipe, 12 participaram do estudo, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu em 2018. Os casais responderam conjuntamente a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e uma entrevista semiestruturada, realizada presencialmente (n=4) ou por videochamada (n=8). Os dados foram gravados em áudio e posteriormente transcritos. A Análise Temática indutiva das entrevistas identificou cinco temas: sentimento de impotência, iatrogenia vivida nos serviços, falta de cuidado em saúde mental, não reconhecimento da perda como evento com consequências emocionais negativas, e características do bom atendimento. Os achados demonstraram situações de violência, comunicação deficitária, desvalorização das perdas precoces, falta de suporte para contato com o bebê falecido e rotinas pouco humanizadas, especialmente durante a internação após a perda. Para aprimorar a assistência às famílias enlutadas, sugere-se qualificação profissional, ampliação da visibilidade do tema entre diferentes atores e reorganização dos serviços, considerando uma diretriz clínica para atenção ao luto perinatal, com destaque para o fortalecimento da inserção de equipes de saúde mental no contexto hospitalar.(AU)
This study analyzed couples' perceptions and feelings about pregnancy loss care (ante and intrapartum fetal death). A research invitation was published on social media (Instagram and Facebook) and data collection took place in 2018. Of the 66 couples who contacted the research team, 12 participated in the study by filling a sociodemographic questionnaire and answering a semi-structured interview in person (n=04) or by video call (n=08). All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and examined by Inductive Thematic Analysis, which identified five themes: feelings of impotence, iatrogenic experiences in health services, lack of mental health care, not recognizing pregnancy loss as an emotionally overwhelming event, and aspects of good healthcare. Analysis showed experiences of violence, poor communication, devaluation of early losses, lack of support for contact with the deceased baby, and dehumanizing routines, especially during hospitalization after loss. Professional qualification, extended pregnancy loss visibility among different stakeholders, and reorganization of health services are needed to improve the care offered to grieving families, considering a clinical guideline for perinatal grief care with emphasis on strengthening the insertion of mental health teams in the hospital context.(AU)
Este estudio analizó las percepciones y sentimientos de parejas sobre la atención recibida en los servicios de salud a los que accedieron debido a la pérdida del embarazo (muerte fetal ante e intraparto). La invitación al estudio se publicó en las redes sociales (Instagram y Facebook). De las 66 parejas que se contactaron con el equipo, 12 participaron en el estudio, cuya recolección de datos se realizó en 2018. Las parejas respondieron un formulario de datos sociodemográficos y realizaron una entrevista semiestructurada presencialmente (n=4) o por videollamada (n=08). Los datos se grabaron en audio para su posterior transcripción. El análisis temático inductivo identificó cinco temas: Sentimiento de impotencia, experiencias iatrogénicas en los servicios, falta de atención a la salud mental, falta de reconocimiento de la pérdida como un evento con consecuencias emocionales negativas y características de buena atención. Los hallazgos evidenciaron situaciones de violencia, comunicación deficiente, desvalorización de las pérdidas tempranas, falta de apoyo para el contacto con el bebé fallecido y rutinas poco humanizadas, especialmente durante la hospitalización tras la pérdida. Para mejorar la atención a las familias en duelo, se sugiere capacitación profesional, ampliación de la visibilidad del tema entre los diferentes actores y reorganización de los servicios, teniendo en cuenta una guía clínica para la atención del duelo perinatal, enfocada en fortalecer la inserción de los equipos de salud mental en el contexto hospitalario.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Middle Aged , Child Health Services , Mental Health , Humanization of Assistance , Fetal Death , Pain , Parents , Pediatrics , Perinatology , Placenta Diseases , Prejudice , Prenatal Care , Psychology , Psychology, Medical , Public Policy , Quality of Health Care , Reproduction , Syndrome , Congenital Abnormalities , Torture , Uterine Contraction , Birth Injuries , Maternity Allocation , Labor, Obstetric , Trial of Labor , Adaptation, Psychological , Abortion, Spontaneous , Child Care , Maternal-Child Nursing , Refusal to Treat , Women's Health , Patient Satisfaction , Parenting , Parental Leave , Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation , Privacy , Depression, Postpartum , Credentialing , Affect , Crying , Curettage , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted , Access to Information , Ethics, Clinical , Humanizing Delivery , Abortion, Threatened , Denial, Psychological , Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Parturition , Labor Pain , Premature Birth , Prenatal Injuries , Fetal Mortality , Abruptio Placentae , Violence Against Women , Abortion , User Embracement , Ethics, Professional , Stillbirth , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Nuchal Cord , Resilience, Psychological , Reproductive Physiological Phenomena , Fear , Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications , Fertility , Fetal Diseases , Prescription Drug Misuse , Hope , Prenatal Education , Courage , Psychological Trauma , Professionalism , Psychosocial Support Systems , Frustration , Sadness , Respect , Psychological Distress , Obstetric Violence , Family Support , Obstetricians , Guilt , Health Services Accessibility , Hospitals, Maternity , Obstetric Labor Complications , Labor, Induced , Anger , Loneliness , Love , Midwifery , Mothers , Nursing CareABSTRACT
Com os avanços tecnológicos e o aprimoramento da prática médica via ultrassonografia, já é possível detectar possíveis problemas no feto desde a gestação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prática do psicólogo no contexto de gestações que envolvem riscos fetais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo sob formato de relato de experiência como psicólogo residente no Serviço de Medicina Fetal da Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Os registros, feitos por observação participante e diário de campo, foram analisados em dois eixos temáticos: 1) intervenções psicológicas no trabalho em equipe em consulta de pré-natal, exame de ultrassonografia e procedimento de amniocentese; e 2) intervenções psicológicas em casos de bebês incompatíveis com a vida. Os resultados indicaram que o psicólogo nesse serviço é essencial para atuar de forma multiprofissional na assistência pré-natal para gravidezes de alto risco fetal. Ademais, a preceptoria do residente é relevante para sua formação e treinamento para atuação profissional no campo da psicologia perinatal.(AU)
Face to the technological advances and the improvement of medical practice via ultrasound, it is already possible to detect possible problems in the fetus since pregnancy. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychologist's practice in the context of pregnancies which involve fetal risks. It is a qualitative study based on an experience report as a psychologist trainee at the Fetal Medicine Service of the Maternity School of UFRJ. The records, based on the participant observation and field diary, were analyzed in two thematic axes: 1) psychological interventions in the teamwork in the prenatal attendance, ultrasound examination and amniocentesis procedure; and 2) psychological interventions in cases of babies incompatible to the life. The results indicated that the psychologist in this service is essential to work in a multidisciplinary way at the prenatal care for high fetal risk pregnancies. Furthermore, the resident's preceptorship is relevant to their education and training for professional performance in the field of Perinatal Psychology.(AU)
Con los avances tecnológicos y la mejora de la práctica médica a través de la ecografía, ya se puede detectar posibles problemas en el feto desde el embarazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la práctica del psicólogo en el contexto de embarazos de riesgos fetal. Es un estudio cualitativo basado en un relato de experiencia como residente de psicología en el Servicio de Medicina Fetal de la Escuela de Maternidad de la Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Los registros, realizados en la observación participante y el diario de campo, se analizaron en dos ejes temáticos: 1) intervenciones psicológicas en el trabajo en equipo, en la consulta prenatal, ecografía y los procedimientos de amniocentesis; y 2) intervenciones psicológicas en casos de bebés incompatibles con la vida. Los resultados señalaron como fundamental la presencia del psicólogo en este servicio trabajando de forma multidisciplinar en la atención prenatal en el contexto de embarazos de alto riesgo fetal. Además, la tutela del residente es relevante para su educación y formación para el desempeño profesional en el campo de la Psicología Perinatal.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Prenatal Care , Pregnancy, High-Risk , Psychosocial Intervention , Heart Defects, Congenital , Anxiety , Orientation , Pain , Parent-Child Relations , Parents , Paternity , Patient Care Team , Patients , Pediatrics , Placenta , Placentation , Pregnancy Complications , Pregnancy Maintenance , Prognosis , Psychoanalytic Theory , Psychology , Puerperal Disorders , Quality of Life , Radiation , Religion , Reproduction , Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomena , General Surgery , Syndrome , Congenital Abnormalities , Temperance , Therapeutics , Urogenital System , Bioethics , Physicians' Offices , Infant, Premature , Labor, Obstetric , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, Animal , Pregnancy Outcome , Adaptation, Psychological , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Echocardiography , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Family , Abortion, Spontaneous , Child Rearing , Child Welfare , Mental Health , Family Health , Survival Rate , Life Expectancy , Cause of Death , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Chromosome Mapping , Parental Leave , Mental Competency , Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive , Down Syndrome , Perinatal Care , Comprehensive Health Care , Chemical Compounds , Depression, Postpartum , Neurobehavioral Manifestations , Disabled Children , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Gravidity , Crisis Intervention , Affect , Cytogenetic Analysis , Spirituality , Complicity , Value of Life , Humanizing Delivery , Death , Decision Making , Defense Mechanisms , Abortion, Threatened , Delivery of Health Care , Dementia , Uncertainty , Organogenesis , Qualitative Research , Pregnant Women , Early Diagnosis , Premature Birth , Nuchal Translucency Measurement , Child Mortality , Depression , Depressive Disorder , Postpartum Period , Diagnosis , Diagnostic Techniques, Obstetrical and Gynecological , Ethanol , Ego , Emotions , Empathy , Environment , Humanization of Assistance , User Embracement , Ethics, Professional , Cell Nucleus Shape , Prenatal Nutrition , Cervical Length Measurement , Family Conflict , Family Therapy , Resilience, Psychological , Reproductive Physiological Phenomena , Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications , Gestational Sac , Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Event , Fetal Death , Embryonic and Fetal Development , Multimodal Imaging , Mortality, Premature , Clinical Decision-Making , Pediatric Emergency Medicine , Child, Foster , Freedom , Burnout, Psychological , Birth Setting , Frustration , Sadness , Respect , Psychological Distress , Genetics , Psychological Well-Being , Obstetricians , Guilt , Happiness , Health Occupations , Hospitalization , Hospitals, Maternity , Hospitals, University , Human Development , Human Rights , Imagination , Infections , Infertility , Anencephaly , Jurisprudence , Obstetric Labor Complications , Licensure , Life Change Events , Life Support Care , Loneliness , Love , Medical Staff, Hospital , Intellectual Disability , Morals , Mothers , Narcissism , Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities , Neonatology , Nervous System Malformations , Object AttachmentABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the treatment and maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnant women with aortic dissection (AD). Methods: The clinical data of 11 pregnant women with AD treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 1st, 2011 to August 1st, 2022 were collected, and their clinical characteristics, treatment plans and maternal and fetal outcomes were analyzed retrospectively. Results: (1) Clinical characteristics: the age of onset of 11 pregnant women with AD was (30±5) years old, and the week of pregnancy of onset was (31.4±8.0) weeks. Clinical manifestations: the main symptoms were sudden onset of chest and back pain or low back pain. Type of AD: 8 cases of Stanford type A, and 3 cases of type B. The aortic width was (42±11) mm. Diagnostic methods: the diagnosis of AD was confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), computed tomography angiography (CTA) or enhanced CT examination, among which 4 cases were confirmed by CTA examination, 4 cases by TTE examination, and 3 cases by enhanced CT examination. Laboratory results: white blood cell count was (15.4±8.7) ×109/L, neutrophil count was (13.5±8.5) ×109/L, the median D-dimer level was 2.7 mg/L (2.1-9.2 mg/L), and the median fibrin degradation products level was 12.0 mg/L (5.4-36.1 mg/L). (2) Treatments: all 11 patients were admitted to hospital in emergency. Before operation, the departments of cardiac surgery, obstetrics, pediatrics and anesthesiology cooperated to develop individualized treatment plan. Aortic surgery was performed in 11 pregnant women with AD. In 6 of them, pregnancy termination was performed at the same time as aortic surgery, and aortic surgery was performed after cesarean section. Four cases of pregnancy termination and aortic operation were performed by stages, including aortic operation after cesarean section in 2 cases, and cesarean section after aortic operation in 2 cases. One case (12+6 weeks of gestation) had spontaneous abortion on the day after aortic surgery. The gestational age of the 11 patients on pregnancy termination was (32.9±7.4) weeks. Aorta surgical methods: 7 patients received under extracorporeal circulation ascending aorta replacement ± aortic valve replacement ± coronary artery transplantation (or coronary artery bypass transplantation)± left and right coronary Cabrol + total arch replacement (or aortic arch replacement)± stent implantation, 1 patient received under extracorporeal circulation aortic root replacement, and 3 patients underwent aortic endoluminal isolation. (3) Maternal and fetal outcomes: among the 11 pregnant women with AD, 9 (9/11) survived, 2 (2/11) died with lower limb ischemia before the onset of the disease. A total of 10 newborns were born in 9 pregnant women after delivery (1 of them was twins), and the 2 cases were spontaneous abortion after aortic surgery in the first trimester (12+6 weeks) and fetal death after hysterotomy in the second trimester (26+3 weeks), respectively. Among the 10 surviving neonates, 3 were full-term infants and 7 were premature infants. The birth weight of newborn was (2 651±784) g. Respiratory distress syndrome was found in 6 cases. The newborns were followed up for (5.6±3.6) years after birth, and the infants developed well during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Pregnancy complicated with AD is dangerous, and chest and back pain is the main clinical manifestation of this disease. With early identification and selection of appropriate diagnostic methods, multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment, mother and children could obtain good outcomes.
Subject(s)
Infant , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Humans , Female , Child , Adult , Abortion, Spontaneous , Cesarean Section , Retrospective Studies , Aortic Dissection/surgery , Fetal DeathABSTRACT
Chromosomal aberrations including numerical abnormalities and segment duplications/deletions, as genome-wide copy number variations (CNVs), are a leading cause for spontaneous abortion. Analysis of abortive tissues for such CNVs can detect potential genomic variations in the couple and provide guidance for the choice of appropriate method to avoid further miscarriage or birth of child with chromosomal disorders. With evidence-based clinical data, an expert group jointly formed by the Genetic Disease Prevention and Control Group, Committee for Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Chinese Association of Preventive Medicine; the Clinical Genetics Group, the Society of Medical Genetics, Chinese Medical Association; the Professional Committee for Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases, the Society of Medical Geneticists, Chinese Medical Doctor Association has discussed and formulated this consensus, with an aim to provide guidance for the application of genomic CNVs detection for the abortive tissue and genetic counseling for family reproduction.
Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Child , Female , Humans , DNA Copy Number Variations , Consensus , Chromosome Aberrations , Chromosome Disorders/genetics , Abortion, Spontaneous/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the contribution and interaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-DNA adducts and changes of telomere length (TL) on missed abortion. Methods: From March to December 2019, patients with missed abortion in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University and pregnant women with normal pregnancy but voluntary abortion in the same department during the same period were selected and divided into a case group and a control group. Questionnaire was used to investigate the general situation and the pregnancy situation of the subjects. The abortion villi were collected and the content of PAH-DNA adducts and TL was detected. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the associated factors of missed abortion. R epiR package and Mediation package were used to analyze the effect and relationship between PAH-DNA adducts and TL on missed abortion. Results: The age of the subjects was(29.92±5.69)years old. The M(Q1,Q3)of PAH-DNA adducts was 453.75(404.61, 504.72) pg/ml. The M(Q1,Q3)of TL was 1.21(0.77, 1.72). The content of PAH-DNA adducts in the case group was higher than that in the control group (Z=-2.10, P=0.036), while the TL was lower than that in the control group (Z=-4.05, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that low, medium and high levels of PAH-DNA adducts (OR=3.17,95%CI:1.41-7.14;OR=2.85,95%CI:1.25-6.52;OR=2.46,95%CI:1.07-5.64), and long, medium and short levels of TL (OR=2.50,95%CI:1.11-5.63;OR=3.32,95%CI:1.45-7.56;OR=3.22,95%CI:1.42-7.26) were all risk factors for missed abortion. The medium level of PAH-DNA adducts had a 2.76-fold higher risk of shortened TL than those with the lowest level, and no mediating role of TL was found. The stratified analysis showed that when the TL level was longer (>1.21), the low and high levels of PAH-DNA adducts were associated with missed abortion (all P<0.05); when the TL level was shorter (<1.21), the medium level of PAH-DNA adducts was associated with abortion (P=0.025). At lower levels of PAH-DNA adducts, no effect of TL on missed abortion was observed, while, at higher levels, TL was strongly associated with missed abortion (OR=7.50,95%CI:1.95-28.82;OR=6.04,95%CI:1.54-23.65;OR=9.05,95%CI:2.34-35.04). The interaction analysis found that the AP was 0.72 (95%CI: 0.46-0.99), and the SI was 5.21 (95%CI: 2.30-11.77). Conclusion: The high level of PAH-DNA adducts and shortened TL may increase the risk of missed abortion, and there may be a positive additive interaction between the two factors on missed abortion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Adult , DNA Adducts , Abortion, Missed/chemically induced , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Abortion, Spontaneous/chemically induced , Telomere/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic etiology and related factors in 1 065 women with spontaneous abortions.@*METHODS@#All patients have presented at the Center of Prenatal Diagnosis of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 2018 to December 2021. Chorionic villi and fetal skin samples were collected, and the genomic DNA was assayed by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). For 10 couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions but normal CMA results for abortive tissues, non-in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) pregnancies and no previous history of live births and no structural abnormalities of the uterus, peripheral venous blood samples were collected. Genomic DNA was subjected to trio-whole exome sequencing (trio-WES). Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Multifactorial unconditional logistic regression analysis was carried out to analyze the factors that may affect chromosomal abnormality in spontaneous abortions, such as the age of the couple, number of previous spontaneous abortions, IVF-ET pregnancy and history of live birth. The incidence of chromosomal aneuploidies in spontaneous abortions during the first trimester was compared in young or advanced-aged patients by chi-square test for liner trend.@*RESULTS@#Among the 1 065 spontaneous abortion patients, 570 cases (53.5%) of chromosomal abnormalities were detected in spontaneous abortion tissues, which included 489 cases (45.9%) of chromosomal aneuploidies and 36 cases (3.4%) of pathogenic/likely pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs). Trio-WES results have revealed one homozygote variant and one compound heterozygote variants in two pedigrees, both of which were inherited from the parents. One likely pathogenic variant was detected in the patient from two pedigrees. Multifactorial unconditional Logistic regression analysis suggested that age of patient was an independent risk factor of chromosome abnormalities (OR = 1.122, 95%CI: 1.069-1.177, P < 0.001), the number of previous abortions and IVF-ET pregnancy were independent protective factors for chromosomal abnormalities (OR = 0.791, 0.648; 95%CI: 0.682-0.916, 0.500-0.840; P = 0.002, 0.001), whilst the age of husband and history of live birth were not (P > 0.05). The incidence of aneuploidies in the abortive tissues has decreased with the number of previous spontaneous abortions in young patients (χ² = 18.051, P < 0.001), but was not significantly correlated with the number of previous spontaneous abortions in advanced-aged patients with spontaneous abortions (P > 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Chromosomal aneuploidy is the main genetic factor for spontaneous abortion, though CNVs and genetic variants may also underlie its genetic etiology. The age of patients, number of previous abortions and IVF-ET pregnancy are closely associated with chromosome abnormalities in abortive tissues.
Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Humans , Female , Aged , Abortion, Spontaneous/genetics , DNA Copy Number Variations , Chromosome Aberrations , Chromosome Disorders/genetics , Aneuploidy , Abortion, Habitual/geneticsSubject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Abortion, Spontaneous , COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19/prevention & controlSubject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Abortion, Spontaneous , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Hypertension/etiologyABSTRACT
A perda gestacional (PG) pode repercutir na gestação subsequente e na maternidade. Neste estudo, objetivou-se identificar e compreender as percepções e os sentimentos maternos sobre a gestação e o bebê subsequente à PG. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo e transversal, com quatro mães com PG nos últimos cinco anos, cujos bebês subsequentes tinham de 6 a 21 meses. Foram aplicados o Questionário de Dado Sociodemográficos e Clínicos, o Questionário sobre Vivências de Perda, o Brief Symptom Inventory e a Entrevista sobre Vivência de Luto Materno e Experiência da Maternidade Atual. Os resultados mostraram repercussões da PG nos sentimentos maternos sobre a gestação, como: ambivalência, medo de nova PG e angústia frente ao parto e nascimento; e nas percepções e sentimentos sobre o bebê, como: idealização das características dele e da relação mãe-bebê, medo da morte do bebê e substituição do bebê falecido. Os achados apontam a importância de ações de prevenção de saúde mental do binômio mãe-bebê em casos de PG
Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Bereavement , Abortion, SpontaneousABSTRACT
Introducción: en el contexto mexicano la maternidad suele ser una de las prioridades de la mujer, por lo cual, cuando se interrumpe el proceso se desencadena un conjunto de emociones que le afectan de manera negativa, pudiendo limitar su actuar cotidiano. Objetivo: identificar las emociones que surgen a causa del aborto espontáneo en mujeres jóvenes. Metodología: estudio descriptivo y cualitativo. Se aplicó una escala de actitudes hacia el aborto y una entrevista semiestructurada validada por juicio de expertos. Resultados: los hallazgos evidencian tristeza, enojo y rabia, que mantienen a las participantes en estado de confusión, decepción, retraimiento, inseguridad y vacío existencial. Conclusiones: el aborto espontáneo trae como consecuencia la ruptura del ideal de la mujer, ya que esta se representa como procreadora, lo cual coincide con el perfil mexicano de la maternidad; por ende, ante un aborto ya no se cumple con la supuesta función principal de la mujer.
Introduction: In the Mexican context, motherhood is the reason for being of a woman, therefore, when the process is interrupted, a set of emotions are triggered that affect negatively, and can even limit her daily actions. Objective: To identify the emotions that arise due to spontaneous abortion in young women. Methodology: Descriptive and qualitative study. A semi-structured interview validated by expert judgment was applied. Results: The findings show sadness, anger and rage that keep the informants in a state of confusion, disappointment, withdrawal, insecurity and existential emptiness. Conclusions: Spontaneous abortion results in the rupture of the ideal of women, since this is represented as procreating, which coincides with the Mexican profile of motherhood; therefore, in the face of an abortion, the main function of the woman is no longer fulfilled.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Adaptation, Psychological , Abortion, Spontaneous/psychology , Expressed Emotion , Demography/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cultural CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Resumo O Ministério da Saúde orienta que a declaração de óbito não seja emitida em casos de óbito fetal com gestação inferior a 20 semanas ou feto com peso inferior a 500 g ou estatura menor que 25 cm, acrescentando que a legislação permite a emissão da declaração em casos em que a família deseje fazer o sepultamento do feto. Nesse contexto, são poucos os casos de aborto em que a declaração é feita. Este artigo realizou revisão integrativa que responde à pergunta: os rituais de fechamento, particularmente o sepultamento (possibilitado pela emissão da declaração de óbito) em caso de morte fetal inferior a 20 semanas de idade gestacional, ajudariam no processo de luto dos pais? A literatura consultada trouxe informações favoráveis à emissão da declaração de óbito e possibilitou discussão médica, jurídica e antropológica do tema.
Abstract The Ministry of Health advises that death certificates should not be issued in cases of fetal death for a pregnancy of less than 20 weeks or fetus weighing less than 500 g or shorter than 25 cm in height; however, the legislation allows the issuance of the certificate in cases where the family wishes to bury the fetus. Given this context, abortion cases in which the certificate is issued are few. This article presents an integrative review that answers the question: would the death ceremonies, particularly the burial (made possible by the issuance of the death certificate), in case of fetal death under 20 weeks of gestational age help in the parents' mourning process? The literature consulted presented favorable information for the issuance of the death certificate and enabled a medical, legal and anthropological discussion of the theme.
Resumen El Ministerio de Salud brasileño recomienda que no se debe emitir el certificado de defunción en los casos de muerte fetal de menos de 20 semanas de gestación, feto con peso inferior a 500 g o estatura inferior a 25 cm, pero agrega que se puede permitirlo cuando la familia opta por el entierro del feto. En este contexto, el certificado se emite en pocos casos de aborto. Este artículo realizó una revisión integradora a partir de la pregunta: ¿Ayudarían en el proceso de duelo de los padres los rituales de inhumación, sobre todo el entierro (habilitado mediante la emisión de un certificado de defunción) en caso de muerte fetal con menos de 20 semanas de edad gestacional? La literatura consultada aportó con informaciones favorables a la emisión del certificado de defunción y permitió fomentar la discusión médica, jurídica y antropológica del tema.
Subject(s)
Grief , Abortion, Spontaneous , Abortion , Fetal DeathABSTRACT
Existe una alta prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico (SCH) en el embarazo. Está vinculado a una importante morbilidad y mortalidad materna y fetal. Los efectos de SCH sobre el embarazo incluyen mayores riesgos de hipertensión gestacional y ruptura prematura de membranas (PROM). Sus fetos y bebés tenían más probabilidades de sufrir de bajo peso al nacer (LBW) y retraso del crecimiento intrauterino (IUGR). El riesgo de aborto espontáneo se informa alto en varios estudios para SCH no tratado. SCH se asocia directamente con una mayor presencia de anti -cuerpos anti TPO en suero materno. La detección temprana y el tratamiento de SCH han sido testigos de mejores resultados en términos de resultado del embarazo. Esta revisión se centra para establecer la relación de una mayor prevalencia de SCH en los países en desarrollo, así como su asociación con el aumento de los cuerpos anti TPO en suero materna y sacar una conclusión que puede ayudar a reducir las razones y proporcionar una solución. Este estudio concluyó que SCH es más frecuente en los países en desarrollo, ya sea debido a la deficiencia de yodo, una disminución de la conciencia sobre este problema o menos acceso a las instalaciones médicas. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que las hembras con antecedentes de partos prematuros, IUGR anteriores o abortos involuntarios deben someterse a una detección de hipotiroidismo subclínico y niveles de anticuerpos anti TPO durante sus visitas prenatales
There is a high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy. It is linked to significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. SCH's effects on pregnancy include increased risks of gestational hypertension and premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Their fetuses and infants had been more likely to suffer from low birth weight (LBW) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The risk of miscarriage is reported high in various studies for untreated SCH. SCH is directly associated with increased presence of anti TPO anti bodies in maternal serum. Early detection and treatment of SCH have witnessed better results in terms of pregnancy outcome. This review focuses to establish the relationship of increased prevalence of SCH in the developing countries as well as its association with increased anti TPO anti bodies in maternal serum and draw a conclusion which can help narrow down the reasons and provide solution. This study concluded that SCH is more prevalent in developing countries, either due to iodine deficiency, decreased awareness about this problem or less access to medical facilities. Therefore, it is suggested that females with history of preterm deliveries, previous IUGRs, or miscarriages should undergo screening for subclinical hypothyroidism and Anti TPO antibody levels during their antenatal visits.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Iodine Deficiency/complications , Abortion, Spontaneous , Early Diagnosis , Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/prevention & control , Fetal Death/prevention & control , Maternal Death/prevention & control , Hyperthyroidism/diagnosisABSTRACT
We investigated the process of meaning construction in pregnancy loss in 11 Brazilian couples. The reports were submitted to inductive and deductive thematic analysis using the categorization system from the integrative model of meaning construction in grief. Regarding the original dimensions of the model (Sense-making of death, benefit from the experience of loss, and identity change), there was a lack of meaning for death, perception of strengthened bonds within the couple as a benefit, and parenting as an identity project. We propose an additional dimension (Meaning-making process) that includes gender differences, lack of social recognition, and emotional intensity of the experience. As for coping strategies, spirituality and the search for peers were identified, especially in social media. After a pregnancy loss, the process of meaning construction proved similar to that of other types of loss, validating this experience. We discuss the implications of the category system used in this study. (AU)
Investigou-se o processo de construção de significados na perda gestacional em 11 casais brasileiros. Os relatos foram submetidos à análise temática indutiva e dedutiva, utilizando o sistema de categorização do modelo integrativo de construção de significado no luto. Em relação às dimensões originais do modelo (Sentido para a morte, benefício na experiência de perda e modificação da identidade), constatou-se falta de sentido para a morte, fortalecimento de vínculo do casal como benefício e parentalidade enquanto projeto identitário. Foi proposta uma dimensão adicional (Processo de construir significado) que incluiu diferenças de gênero, falta de reconhecimento social e intensidade emocional da experiência. Enquanto estratégias de enfrentamento, identificou-se espiritualidade e busca por iguais, especialmente nas mídias sociais. O processo de construir significados na perda gestacional mostrou-se semelhante ao de outros tipos de perdas, validando esta experiência. Foram discutidas as implicações do sistema de categorias utilizado. (AU)
Se investigó el proceso de construcción de significados en la pérdida gestacional en 11 parejas brasileñas. Los informes fueron sometidos a un análisis temático inductivo y deductivo, usando el sistema de categorización del modelo integrador de construcción de significado en el duelo. En cuanto a las dimensiones originales del modelo (Significado para la muerte, beneficio en la experiencia de pérdida, cambio de identidad), se encontró falta de significado para la muerte, fortificación de lazos de la pareja como un beneficio y la parentalidad como un proyecto de identidad. Se ha propuesto una dimensión adicional (Proceso de construcción de significado) que incluye diferencias de género, falta de reconocimiento social e intensidad emocional de la experiencia. Como estrategias de afrontamiento, se identificó la espiritualidad y la búsqueda de los iguales, especialmente en las redes sociales. El proceso de construir significado en la pérdida gestacional demostró ser similar al de los otros tipos de pérdida, validando esta experiencia. Son discutidas las implicaciones del sistema de categorías utilizado. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Bereavement , Abortion, Spontaneous/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Interviews as Topic/methods , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
Abstract Objective To identify the barriers to provide to women and adequately train physicians on therapeutic abortions in public hospitals in Peru. Methods Descriptive cross-sectional survey-based study. We invited 400 obstetrics and gynecology specialists from 7 academic public hospitals in Lima and 8 from other regions of Peru. Expert judges validated the survey. Results We collected survey results from 160 participants that met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 63.7% stated that the hospital where they work does not offer abortion training. Most of the participants consider that the position of the Peruvian government regarding therapeutic abortion is indifferent or deficient. The major limitations to provide therapeutic abortions included Peruvian law (53.8%), hospital policies (18.8%), and lack of experts (10.6%). Conclusion Most surveyed physicians supported therapeutic abortions and showed interest in improving their skills. However, not all hospitals offer training and education. The limited knowledge of the physicians regarding the law and institutional policies, as well as fear of ethical, legal, and religious repercussions, were the main barriers for providing abortions.
Resumo Objetivo Identificar as barreiras para oferecer às mulheres e capacitar adequadamente os médicos sobre abortos terapêuticos nos hospitais públicos do Peru. Métodos Estudo descritivo transversal baseado em inquérito. Convidamos 400 especialistas em obstetrícia e ginecologia de 7 hospitais públicos acadêmicos de Lima e 8 de outras regiões do Peru. Juízes especialistas validaram a pesquisa. Resultados Coletamos os resultados da pesquisa de 160 participantes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Destes, 63,7% afirmaram que o hospital onde trabalham não oferece treinamento sobre aborto. A maioria dos participantes considera que a posição do governo peruano em relação ao aborto terapêutico é indiferente ou deficiente. As principais limitações para fornecer abortos terapêuticos incluem a lei peruana (53,8%), políticas hospitalares (18,8%) e falta de especialistas (10,6%). Conclusão A maioria dos médicos pesquisados apoiava o aborto terapêutico e demonstrava interesse em aprimorar suas habilidades. No entanto, nem todos os hospitais oferecem treinamento e educação. O conhecimento limitado dos médicos sobre a lei e as políticas institucionais, além do medo de repercussões éticas, legais e religiosas, foram as principais barreiras para a realização do aborto.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Peru , Abortion, Spontaneous/drug therapy , Education, Medical , Capacity Building , Gynecologists , Hospitals, PublicABSTRACT
El embarazo añoso representa una problemática de salud pública debido a sus repercusiones en el binomio madre-hijo. Objetivo. Determinar las complicaciones materno-fetales en embarazadas añosas atendidas en el Centro de Salud Tipo C San Jacinto de Buena Fe durante el periodo enero y diciembre del 2020. Materiales y métodos. El diseño de investigación observacional, cuantitativo, retrospectivo, descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra de 80 gestantes mayores de 35 años, como instrumento se empleó un formulario de recolección de datos que constó de 12 ítems validados por un juicio de expertos. Resultados. Las caracteristicas sociodemográficas de interés en las pacientes del estudio fueron: grupo etario de 35-37 años con el 67,2 %, unión libre con 52,5 %, grado de instrucción primario con el 46,3 % y procedencia rural en el 95 %; entre las complicaciones maternas: ruptura prematura de membranas con el 25 %, trastornos hipertensivos en el 16,2 % y aborto espontáneo con el 13,7 %; las complicaciones fetales: prematuridad con el 17,5 %, bajo peso al nacer con el 17,5 % y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria con el 11,2%. Conclusión. Fue posible establecer las características sociodemográficas de interés en la muestra de estudio, identificar algunos factores de riesgo de complicaciones y determinar las complicaciones que comprometen a la madre y al hijo/a en embarazos de edad avanzada.
Elderly pregnancy represents a public health problem due to its repercussions on the mother-child binomial. Objective. To determine the maternal-fetal complications in elderly pregnant women treated at the San Jacinto de Buena Fe Type C Health Center during the period January and December 2020. Materials and methods. The observational, quantitative, retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional research design with a sample of 80 pregnant women over 35 years of age, as an instrument a data collection form that consisted of 12 items validated by an expert judgment was used. Results. The sociodemographic characteristics of interest in the study patients were age group 35-37 years with 67.2%, free union with 52.5%, grade of primary education with 46.3% and rural origin in 95 %; among maternal complications: premature rupture of membranes with 25%, hypertensive disorders in 16.2% and spontaneous abortion with 13.7%; fetal complications: prematurity with 17.5%, low birth weight with 17.5% and respiratory distress syndrome with 11.2%. Conclusion. It was possible to establish the sociodemographic characteristics of interest in the study sample, identify some risk factors for complications, and determine the complications that affect the mother and the child in older pregnancies(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Pregnancy , Risk Factors , Maternal Age , Infant, Premature , Abortion, Spontaneous , Age GroupsABSTRACT
RESUMO Visando a investigar a experiência emocional de mães que tiveram uma criança "arco-íris" após terem experienciado uma perda gestacional/neonatal, foram entrevistadas quatro mães de crianças arco-íris de até três anos de idade. As entrevistas foram mediadas por uma narrativa interativa e, após cada encontro, uma narrativa transferencial foi redigida pela entrevistadora. O material foi analisado psicanaliticamente, segundo a Teoria dos Campos. Observou-se que as participantes, atravessadas por um enlutamento complexo, culpabilizaram-se pela perda e por terem seguido adiante no cuidado materno com os filhos arco-íris, oscilando entre a superproteção e o afastamento. Nota-se a importância de uma intervenção junto a esse coletivo, que geralmente só é foco de atenção (quando o é) durante a gestação/puerpério subsequente à perda gestacional/neonatal.
ABSTRACT Aiming to investigate the emotional experience of mothers who had a "rainbow" child after experiencing a gestational/neonatal loss, four mothers of rainbow children up to three years old were interviewed. The interviews were mediated by an interactive narrative. After each meeting, a transferential narrative was written by the interviewer. The material was analyzed psychoanalytically, according to the Theory of Fields. It was observed that the participants blamed themselves for the loss and for having carried on with the maternal care of the rainbow children, oscillating between overprotection and withdrawal. We have noticed the importance of intervention within this group, which is usually the focus of attention (when it is) only during the pregnancy/puerperium following the gestational/neonatal loss.
RESUMEN Con el objetivo de investigar la experiencia emocional de madres que tuvieron un hijo "arcoiris" después de experimentar la pérdida gestacional/neonatal, se entrevistó a cuatro madres de niños arcoiris de hasta tres años de edad. Las entrevistas fueron mediadas por una narrativa interactiva. Después de cada encuentro, la entrevistadora redactó una narrativa transferencial. El material fue analizado psicoanalíticamente, según la Teoría de Campos. Se observó que las participantes se culpaban por la pérdida y por haber seguido adelante con los niños arcoíris, oscilando entre la sobreprotección y el retraimiento. Se señala la importancia de una intervención junto a este colectivo, a la que normalmente se dirige (cuando se lo hace) sólo durante el embarazo/puerperio tras la pérdida gestacional/neonatal.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Adult , Bereavement , Abortion, Spontaneous , Parenting , Postpartum Period , Mother-Child RelationsABSTRACT
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a literatura científica no período de janeiro de 2006 a março de 2021 sobre as repercussões da perda gestacional na conjugalidade e na parentalidade. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática que envolveu consulta às bases Pubmed, PsycNET e Portal BVS, por meio de descritores estabelecidos previamente, resultando em 16 estudos elegíveis para análise. Foram encontrados resultados contrastantes quanto às repercussões da perda gestacional na parentalidade, sugerindo a necessidade de investigação de fatores de proteção. A perda apresentou-se como risco à conjugalidade, porém a comunicação conjugal emergiu como fator de proteção que merece maior investigação. Estudos futuros devem adotar métodos qualitativos ou mistos, incluir a perspectiva masculina sobre o tema e avaliar intervenções conjugais e familiares.
ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the scientific production from Jan 2006 to Mar 2021 regarding the repercussions of pregnancy loss on conjugality and parenthood. It is a systematic review carried out in Pubmed, PsycNET, and Portal BVS database through previously established descriptors, resulting in 16 eligible studies. We found contrasting results regarding repercussions in parenthood, suggesting the need to investigate protective factors also. Pregnancy loss shows as a risk for marital relationships, but marital communication emerged as a possible protection factor that deserves further investigation. Future research should adopt qualitative and mixed methods, include mens perspectives, and evaluate marital and family interventions.
RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la literatura científica en el período de enero de 2006 hasta marco de 2021 sobre las repercusiones de la pérdida gestacional en la conyugalidad y en la parentalidad. Esta es una revisión sistemática realizada en las bases Pubmed, PsycNET y Portal BVS, con los descriptores establecidos previamente, resultando en 16 estudios elegibles. Se encontraron resultados contrastantes en cuanto a las repercusiones en la crianza de los hijos, sugiriendo la necesidad de investigar también los factores protectores. La pérdida se presentó como un riesgo para la conyugalidad, sin embargo, la comunicación marital emergió como un posible factor protector que merece más estudios. Se indica que futuras investigaciones adopten métodos cualitativos, que incluyan la perspectiva masculina y evalúen intervenciones conyugales y familiares.
Subject(s)
Parent-Child Relations , Marriage , Abortion, Spontaneous , Parenting , Protective FactorsABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives: to determine the effectiveness of medical therapy in reducing complications associated with subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Methods: in 2021, a systematic review of available cohort studies was carried out in three databases, with no publication date limit. Study selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed, and odds ratios were calculated, with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Cohort risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE methodology. Results: five studies were included for qualitative and quantitative synthesis. A statistically significant relationship was found between medical treatment in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism with respect to spontaneous abortion (p=0.03; OR=0.77; CI95%=0.61-0.97), and no statistically significant relationship was found for delivery preterm (p=0.46; OR=1.11; CI95%=0.85-1.44), nor for abrupt placentae (p=0.56; OR=1.60; CI95%=0.33-7.66). Three studies were at moderate risk of bias, and two were at low risk of bias. In all the results the certainty was very low. Conclusions: medical treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have a beneficial effect in reducing cases of spontaneous abortion.
Resumo Objetivos: determinar la efectividad de la terapia médica para disminuir las complicaciones asociadas al hipotiroidismo subclínico durante la gestación. Métodos: en el 2021 se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios de cohortes disponibles en tres bases de datos, sin límite de fecha de publicación. La selección de estudios y extracción de datos se realizaron por duplicado. Se realizó metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios y se calcularon los Odds ratio, con los correspondientes intervalos de confanza al 95%. El riesgo de sesgo de las cohortes se evaluó mediante la escala de Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS). La certeza de la evidencia se evaluó con la metodología GRADE. Resultados: cinco estudios fueron incluidos para síntesis cualitativa y cuantitativa. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa del tratamiento médico en gestantes con hipotiroidismo subclínico con respecto al aborto espontáneo (p=0,03; OR=0,77; IC95%=0,61-0.97), no se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa para parto pre término (p=0.46; OR=1,11; IC95%=0.85-1.44), ni para abrupto placentae (p=0.56; OR=1,60; IC95%=0.33-7.66). Tres estudios tenían riesgo moderado de sesgo, y dos tenían riesgo de sesgo bajo. En todos los resultados la certeza fue muy baja. Conclusiones: el tratamiento médico del hipotiroidismo subclínico durante la gestación puede tener un efecto beneficioso para reducir los casos de aborto espontaneo.